Liquid supply in long loads

Proper Hydration During Ultra-endurance Activities. The American researcher Martin Hoffman from California has put together today’s state of knowledge of the supply of fluid in very long endurance charges. He concludes that the athletes are not allowed to drink too much and there is no reason for an additional supply of salt. There is no reason that a weight loss must be corrected under load due to increased fluid supply. The very insightful article can be found under https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30601394/

Who participates in ultra events

Participation Trends of Ultra Endurance Events The German researcher Volker Scheer from Paderborn has studied the existing literature on ultra events (competitions over 6 hours and longer) for running, swimming, cycling, cross-country skiing and triathlon. It shows that the number of participants has increased exponentially over the past 25 years.This increase is returned to the number of women and the older athletes. The article can be found under https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30601393/

What influences the competition time at a triathlon

Predicting Elite Triathlon Performance: A Comparison of Multiple Regressions and Artificial Neural Networks A German group has studied what variables influence the competition time in an Olympic triathlon. They determine aspects of body construction as well as physiological variables based on a stress test.

The authors concluded the aspects of body construction such as shoulder and pelvic width and various physiological variables have an impact on the competition time. The evaluation can be found under https://sciendo.com/article/10.1515/ijcss-2017-0009

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Nutrition in extreme duration

Nutrition in Ultra-Endurance: State of the Art Athletes participating in endurance sports should deal with nutritional questions, especially with regard to the energy and fluid budget.An extreme duration race - which lasts at least 6 hours after definition - can lead to an energy deficit of up to 7'000 kcal per day. Such a high negative energy balance is a weighty problem for health and performance, as it leads to events such as long-distance swimming, long-distance wheel driving and long-distance running to a decrease in the fat and skeletal muscle. The so-called sportsanemia caused by strong physical stress and gastrointestinal discomfort under very hot or very cold environmental conditions must also be considered as an important factor in health and performance in extreme duration.In addition, liquid losses can achieve by welding up to 2 l / h due to increased metabolism for prolonged training and in a hot environment, which can lead to a hypohydration. Athletes have an increased risk of stress-associated hyponatremia and swelling of the limbs when fluid intake is too high.

12-hour run at 95 years

Pacing during and physiological response after a 12-hour ultra-marathon in a 95-year-old male runner In recent years, outstanding achievements of older people was reported up to 100 years.In this case study, the pacing was described during and the recreational phase after a 12-hour run for a 95-year runner.The athlete reached a total distance of 52.987 km. The pacing followed a parabolic pattern (U-shaped) in which the speed decreased to the middle of the race and then increased again.However, no final spurt was observed. If you divide the race in quartiles, a great effect of the first quarter was observed to speed, with the second quarter of slower than the first quarter and on.The smallest variability was shown in the first quarter and the largest in the second quarter. During the recreational phase, erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit took, while thrombocytes and leukocytes decreases.The metabolites CRP, GOT, GPT, Y-GT, CK and LDH were increased after the race and decreased again during regeneration on the reference area. In addition, creatinine and urea decreased during recovery.The creatinine clearance rose during the recovery phase.Sodium increased during the recovery phase and remained constant in the reference range. During regeneration, body fat and visceral fat mass decreased, while body water and muscle mass increases.

Aspirin for prophylaxis?

Aspirin to Prevent Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes with High Coronary Artery Calcium Scores While a successful Reanimation has improved the survival after a cardiac arrest during road runs in Japan, this achievement no longer deals with the coronary heart disease as the cause of an increasing frequency of cardiac arrest in Middle-aged men during marathons and Ironman triathlons. Based on the high prevalence of subclinical coronary artery disease through the use of cardiac computed tomography at endurance awards with low profiles of the cardiac highway factor, we recommend the calcium values of coronary artery in the CT as a more reliable and independent predictor for cardiac events, including death, as among adults aged 3046 years confirmed.

Pacing in long-distance running

Effects of Pacing Properties on Performance in Long-Distance Running This article focuses on the performance of runners in official races. Based on extensive public data of participants in races organized by the ‘Boston Athletic Association’, how different pacing profiles can influence performance in a race. The pacing of an athlete refers to the running speed in different sections of the race. The data acquisition includes three years of data published by the racing agencies, and mainly includes times at various points that provide information about the individual runner’s speed profile. 10 km, half marathon and the marathon were taken into account with a record of 120,472 runners. Since age is a crucial but complex determinant for performance, the age effect was first modeled gender and distance-specific. High degree polynomials and used to cross validation to select models that are both accurately and sufficiently generalizable. Thereafter, a clustering of the racing profiles was performed to identify the dominant pacing profiles that select the runners. After the influences of age were compensated, a descriptive pattern mining approach has been applied to select reliable and informative aspects of the pacing that best determine optimal performance.

Vitamin D in Swiss athletes

Predictive Factors for Vitamin D Concentrations in Swiss Athletes: A Cross-sectional Study Vitamin D concentrations that correspond to 75 Nmol / L 25 (OH) D were associated with the maintenance of muscle function, growth and regeneration, optimal bone health and immunology for athletes. In this study, the prevalence and predictors for insufficient 25 (OH) D concentrations were examined for athletes. 603schweizer athletes were evaluated.25 (OH) D was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information about possible predictors for the 25 (OH) D concentrations. 50 \ .5% showed inadequate 25 (OH) D concentrations.Differences in the predicted probability of inadequate 25 (OH) D were in vitamin D supplementation (42%) compared to non-supplementation (52%), for indoor athletes (58%) against outdoor sports (43%) and inThe sun-senior autumn season (49%), winter (70%) and spring (57%) compared to summer (17%). Higher BMI Z values and age were connected to higher 25 (OH) D concentrations. Inadequate 25 (OH) D concentrations are common for athletes, especially in a recent age, in those who have not been supplemented, for athletes trained in closed rooms, and during the sun-senior season.

The left-hearted function in swimmers and runners

Left Ventricular Structure and Function in Elite Swimmers and Runners Sport-specific differences in the left ventricle (LV) of athletes who are not moving in the water have been studied several times. However, compare with athletes in water sports are sparse.The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the LV structure and function of elite schemes and runners. At the study, 16 elite swimmer 16 elite runners participated.All athletes ran through echocardiography at rest. The LV dimension, the global systolic and diastolic LV function were determined and the LV mechanism determines. The early diastolic function was lower in floats lower, including the maximum early transmitral filling speed, the middle early mitral ring tip speed and the ratio of peak early velocity to the late transmitral filling speed. The diastolic mechanics index of the time until the maximum speed rate also occurred in diastoles in floats. The heart time volume was greater with swimmers, which was attributed to their higher heart frequencies.All other indices of systolic LV function and dimensions were similar between the groups.