The central nervous system as a regulator

Exercise, Obesity and CNS Control of Metabolic Homeostasis: A Review The American John Kelly Smith has thought about the way in which the central nervous system regulates metabolic homeostasis in normal weight and obese rodents and humans. His work is a very complex overview of the homeostatic contributions of neurons in the hypothalamus, the midbrain and the limbic structures, the PONS and the Area PostRema, the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius and the Vagus Core, as well as details of how these brain regions react to circulating orexigen hormonesGhrelin, and anorexigene hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 and leptin. The work gives an insight on how high-intensive training can improve homeostatic control in overweight and obese patients.

Performance trends at the Boston Marathon

Boston Marathon is April 16. Why are Americans slower than 42 years ago? The Boston Marathon is the oldest marathon in the world. In an interesting article philosophies the author why the Americans were not faster on this run. He goes through the milestones of history and mentions the East African runners.

We can answer His questions soon, we have worked up the historical numbers of this run, the work is written and should be published soon. But first, the article by Bob Prichard is under https://www.linkedin.com/puls/boston-marathon-april-16-why-americans-Slower-than-42-bob-prichard/?p

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The age of the best performance

Does Racing Age Matter? We did not make an evaluation of all Ironman triathlons ever too long ago and it has been shown that the age of the best performance said significantly earlier than previous studies.

Our realization is of practical importance, then the company Custom Performance in New York wrote a comment on our study. To find under https://www.nycustompt.com/blog-nycustompt/2018/5/4/does-racing-age-matter

Who, when, how, where, what

Statistics in the ultratriathlon

The German Mark High-Dorst has made the trouble to analyze all previously held triathlons from 2-fold to 20-fold Ironman distance. He made different lists, which can be found all on his side https://www.ultrathlet.de/statistik/ultratratriathlon-statistik.html

Ultramarathon and musculoskeletal

The influence of an ultramarathon on the musculoskeletal system Over the past decades, the number of UltraLönd has multiplied, and many studies have studied the influence on the musculoskeletal system. We summarize the findings of damage that can cause an ultramarathone on joints and muscles. The most common injuries or overload damage relates to the lower extremity, where ankle and knees are most commonly affected. For very long runs, there is an adaptation with thickening of tendons and cartilage.

Pacing in swimming

Pacing in Swimming: A Systematic Review Pacing or how to distribute energy during performance that can significantly affect the sporty performance is considered crucial for optimal performance in many sports. This is especially important in swimming there the water resistance is very high.An Australian group has analyzed all relevant studies for swimming in the pool. For short and medium lines, maintaining the swimming speed is crucial. In long distance, a small variability of the swimming speed of round to round and the ability for a final spurt on the last round is crucial. When swimming is crucial during the dolphin route, the legs are decisive to relieve something to optimize performance for subsequent routes.

Pacing im Marathon

The influence of pacing strategy on marathon world records The pacing is crucial for different sports and different routes. A Spanish group has studied the pacing of elite marathon runners in the context of new world records in the last 50 years. She shared former marathon record holder in two groups: classic athletes (record holder between 1967 and 1988) and contemporary athletes (record holder between 1988 and 2018). The total distance of the marathon was divided into 8 sections of 5 km and 1 last section of 2.195 km, and the relative average speed of each section was calculated individually. On average, the athletes in the first half marathon were a little faster than in the second half marathon, where they progressively slowed. When comparing classical and contemporary athletes, however, they observed that classic athletes started significantly faster, although their speed decreased dramatically after 25 km and was significantly slower than in their simultaneous counterparties. The study showed that the pacing strategies of the best marathon runners in the world have changed in the last 50 years.

MRI of the spine at top athletes

Evaluation of spine MRIs in athletes participating in the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Summer Olympic Games For top athletes who participate in world level, such as the Olympic Games, many spine diseases arise due to overuse, other spinal problems are the result of acute injury. A research group has tries to analyze the epidemiology of spinal disorders in athletes participating in the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro based on MRI.In a retrospective study, all spine MRIs were analyzed, which were carried out during the 2016 Olympics in Rio. Of 11,274 athletes participated in the Olympic Games, 100 athletes received a MRI of the spinal columns. Twenty-five of the 100 (52%) athletes, which received a MRI of the cervical spine, the thoracic acid column and / or the lumbar spine, showed a moderate to heavy spinal disease. The highest sport-specific incidence of medium-heavy to heavy spinal disease was observed in diving trips (67%, 3 per 100 divers). Weightlifting had the second highest sports-specific incidence of spinal disorders (67%, 1.5 per 100 weightlifters). In the athletics, most spine MRIS (31 out of 107 mris, 29%) were carried out.European athletes had more spine MRI as athletes of all other continents (55 out of 107 MRI, 51%). Athletes over 30 years had the highest rate of moderate to heavy spinal disorders in MRI (24 out of 37 athletes> 30 years old, 65%).

The best age in cross-country skiing

The Age of Peak Marathon Performance in Cross-Country Skiing-The “Engadin Ski Marathon” The age of the best endurance performance was well examined in running in flat urban marathons. However, we know nothing about the age of marathon high performance in cross-country skiing, which would be of great practical use for athletes and coaches. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the age of the best marathon performance in cross-country skiing. Participants were 162,991 men and 34'833 women who approached “Engadin Skimarathon” between 1998 and 2016. We examined the fastest women and men and all finishers in 1-year intervals. The relationship between men to women rose over the years.The men (44.27 ± 0.03 years, 15.73 ± 0.01 km / h) were 5.98 ± 0.07 years older and 2.14 ± 0.02 km / h faster than women (3829 ± 0.06 years, 13.58 ± 0.01 km / h). Looking at the fastest participants in 1-year intervals, the fastest speed for men (30.33 km / h) was reached at the age of 29 years and for women (28.76 km / h) at the age of 24. Taking into account all participants, the highest speed for men (17.69 km / h) was observed at the age of 18, while they were for women (15.76 km / h) at the age of 17.